VI command

Vi

Every unix admin will use VI, let's see what do you know about the VI command.

	(up)
	k
(left)h		l(right)
	j
	(down)

Beginning of next word: w

Beginning of prev word: b

Start of line: 0 or ^

End of line: $

Start of previous sentence: (

Start of next sentence: )

Start of previous paragraph: {

Start of next paragraph: }

Move to top of screen: H

Move to middle of screen: M

Move to last line of screen: L

Last line in file: G

Scroll forward one screen: CTRL-f

Scroll back one screen: CTRL-b

To delete a single character at cursor: x

Delete from current line to end of file: dG

Delete from current line to start of file: d1G

Delete line 5: 5Gdd

Insert text before the cursor: i

Insert text after the cursor: a

Insert text at start of line: I

Insert text at end of line: A

Replace: Same as with sed, Replace OLD with NEW:

First occurrence on current line: :s/OLD/NEW
Globally (all) on current line: :s/OLD/NEW/g

Between two lines #,#: :#,#s/OLD/NEW/g

Every occurrence in file: :%s/OLD/NEW/g

Advanced Vi Cheat Sheet

• Starting/Ending
• Status
• Modes
• Inserting Text
• Motion
• Deleting Text
• Yanking
• Changing Text
• Putting Text
• Buffers
• Markers
• Searching
• Replacing Text
• Regular Expressions
• Counts
• Ranges
• Shell Functions
• Files
• VI Settings
• Key Mapping
• Other

Click here for the Basic VI Cheatsheet

General Notes:

1. Before doing anything to a document, type the following command followed by a carriage return: :set showmode

2. VI is CaSe SEnsItiVe!!! So make sure Caps Lock is OFF.

Starting and Ending VI

Starting VI

vi filename

Edits filename

vi -r filename

Edits last save version of filename after a crash

vi + n filename

Edits filename and places curser at line n

vi + filename

Edits filename and places curser on last line

vi +/string filename

Edits filename and places curser on first occurance of string

vi filename file2 ...

Edits filename, then edits file2 ... After the save, use :n

Ending VI

ZZ or :wq or :x

Saves and exits VI

:w

Saves current file but doesn't exit

:w!

Saves current file overriding normal checks but doesn't exit

:w file

Saves current as file but doesn't exit

:w! file

Saves to file overriding normal checks but doesn't exit

:n,mw file

Saves lines n through m to file

:n,mw >>file

Saves lines n through m to the end of file

:q

Quits VI and may prompt if you need to save

:q!

Quits VI and without saving

:e!

Edits file discarding any unsaved changes (starts over)

:we!

Saves and continues to edit current file

Status

:.=

Shows current line number

:=

Shows number of lines in file

Control-G

Shows filename, current line number, total lines in file, and % of file location

l

Displays tab (^l) backslash (\) backspace (^H) newline ($) bell (^G) formfeed (^L^) of current line

Modes

Vi has two modes insertion mode and command mode. The editor begins in command mode, where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur. Insertion mode begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor to command mode (where you can quit, for example by typing :q!). Most commands execute as soon as you type them except for "colon" commands which execute when you press the ruturn key.

Inserting Text

i

Insert before cursor

I

Insert before line

a

Append after cursor

A

Append after line

o

Open a new line after current line

O

Open a new line before current line

r

Replace one character

R

Replace many characters

CTRL-v char

While inserting, ignores special meaning of char (e.g., for inserting characters like ESC and CTRL) until ESC is used

:r file

Reads file and inserts it after current line

:nr file

Reads file and inserts it after line n

CTRL-i or TAB

While inserting, inserts one shift width

Things to do while in Insert Mode:

CTRL-h or Backspace

While inserting, deletes previous character

CTRL-w

While inserting, deletes previous word

CTRL-x

While inserting, deletes to start of inserted text

CTRL-v

Take the next character literally. (i.e. To insert a Control-H, type Control-v Control-h)

Motion

h

Move left

j

Move down

k

Move up

l

Move right

Arrow Keys

These do work, but they may be too slow on big files. Also may have unpredictable results when arrow keys are not mapped correctly in client.

w

Move to next word

W

Move to next blank delimited word

b

Move to the beginning of the word

B

Move to the beginning of blank delimted word

^

Moves to the first non-blank character in the current line

+ or

Moves to the first character in the next line

-

Moves to the first non-blank character in the previous line

e

Move to the end of the word

E

Move to the end of Blank delimited word

(

Move a sentence back

)

Move a sentence forward

{

Move a paragraph back

}

Move a paragraph forward

[[

Move a section back

]]

Move a section forward

0 or |

Move to the begining of the line

n|

Moves to the column n in the current line

$

Move to the end of the line

1G

Move to the first line of the file

G

Move to the last line of the file

nG

Move to nth line of the file

:n

Move to nth line of the file

fc

Move forward to c

Fc

Move back to c

H

Move to top of screen

nH

Moves to nth line from the top of the screen

M

Move to middle of screen

L

Move to botton of screen

nL

Moves to nth line from the bottom of the screen

Control-d

Move forward ½ screen

Control-f

Move forward one full screen

Control-u

Move backward ½ screen

Control-b

Move backward one full screen

CTRL-e

Moves screen up one line

CTRL-y

Moves screen down one line

CTRL-u

Moves screen up ½ page

CTRL-d

Moves screen down ½ page

CTRL-b

Moves screen up one page

CTRL-f

Moves screen down one page

CTRL-I

Redraws screen

z

z-carriage return makes the current line the top line on the page

nz

Makes the line n the top line on the page

z.

Makes the current line the middle line on the page

nz.

Makes the line n the middle line on the page

z-

Makes the current line the bottom line on the page

nz-

Makes the line n the bottom line on the page

%

Move to associated ( ), { }, [ ]

Deleting Text

Almost all deletion commands are performed by typing d followed by a motion. For example, dw deletes a word. A few other deletes are:

x

Delete character to the right of cursor

nx

Deletes n characters starting with current; omitting n deletes current character only

X

Delete character to the left of cursor

nX

Deletes previous n characters; omitting n deletes previous character only

D

Delete to the end of the line

d$

Deletes from the cursor to the end of the line

dd or :d

Delete current line

ndw

Deletes the next n words starting with current

ndb

Deletes the previous n words starting with current

ndd

Deletes n lines beginning with the current line

:n,md

Deletes lines n through m

dMotion_cmd

Deletes everything included in the Motion Command (e.g., dG would delete from current position to the end of the file, and d4 would delete to the end of the fourth sentence).

"np

Retrieves the last nth delete (last 9 deletes are kept in a buffer)

"1pu.u.

Scrolls through the delete buffer until the desired delete is retrieved (repeat u.)

Yanking Text

Like deletion, almost all yank commands are performed by typing y followed by a motion. For example, y$ yanks to the end of the line. Two other yank commands are:

yy

Yank the current line

:y

Yank the current line

nyy or nY

Places n lines in the buffer-copies

yMotion_cmd

Copies everything from the curser to the Motion Command (e.g., yG would copy from current position to the end of the file, and y4 would copy to the end of the fourth sentence)

"(a-z)nyy or "(a-z)ndd

Copies or cuts (deletes) n lines into a named buffer a through z; omitting n works on current line

Changing text

The change command is a deletion command that leaves the editor in insert mode. It is performed by typing c followed by a motion. For example cw changes a word. A few other change commands are:

C

Change to the end of the line

cc or S

Change the whole line until ESC is pressed

xp

Switches character at cursor with following character

stext

Substitutes text for the current character until ESC is used

cwtext

Changes current word to text until ESC is used

Ctext

Changes rest of the current line to text until ESC is used

cMotion_cmd

Changes to text from current position to Motion Command until ESC is used

<< or >>

Shifts the line left or right (respectively) by one shift width (a tab)

n<< or n>>

Shifts n lines left or right (respectively) by one shift width (a tab)

<Motion_cmd or >Motion_cmd

Use with Motion Command to shift multiple lines left or right

Putting text

p

Put after the position or after the line

P

Put before the poition or before the line

"(a-z)p or "(a-z)P

Pastes text from a named buffer a through z after or before the current line

Buffers

Named buffers may be specified before any deletion, change, yank or put command. The general prefix has the form "c where c is any lowercase character. for example, "adw deletes a word into buffer a. It may thereafter be put back into text with an appropriate "ap.

Markers

Named markers may be set on any line in a file. Any lower case letter may be a marker name. Markers may also be used as limits for ranges.

mc

Set marker c on this line

`c

Go to beginning of marker c line.

'c

Go to first non-blank character of marker c line.

Search for strings

/string

Search forward for string

?string

Search back for string

n

Search for next instance of string

N

Search for previous instance of string

%

Searches to beginning of balancing ( ) [ ] or { }

fc

Searches forward in current line to char

Fc

Searches backward in current line to char

tc

Searches forward in current line to character before char

Tchar

Searches backward in current line to character before char

?str

Finds in reverse for str

:set ic

Ignores case when searching

:set noic

Pays attention to case when searching

:n,ms/str1/str2/opt

Searches from n to m for str1; replaces str1 to str2; using opt-opt can be g for global change, c to confirm change (y to acknowledge, to suppress), and p to print changed lines

&

Repeats last :s command

:g/str/cmd

Runs cmd on all lines that contain str

:g/str1/s/str2/str3/

Finds the line containing str1, replaces str2 with str3

:v/str/cmd

Executes cmd on all lines that do not match str

,

Repeats, in reverse direction, last / or ? search command

Replace

The search and replace function is accomplished with the :s command. It is commonly used in combination with ranges or the :g command (below).

:s/pattern/string/flags

Replace pattern with string according to flags.

g

Flag - Replace all occurences of pattern

c

Flag - Confirm replaces.

&

Repeat last :s command

Regular Expressions

. (dot)

Any single character except newline

*

zero or more occurances of any character

[...]

Any single character specified in the set

[^...]

Any single character not specified in the set

\<

Matches beginning of word

\>

Matches end of word

^

Anchor - beginning of the line

$

Anchor - end of line

\<

Anchor - begining of word

\>

Anchor - end of word

\(...\)

Grouping - usually used to group conditions

\n

Contents of nth grouping

\

Escapes the meaning of the next character (e.g., \$ allows you to search for $)

\\

Escapes the \ character

[...] - Set Examples

[A-Z]

The SET from Capital A to Capital Z

[a-z]

The SET from lowercase a to lowercase z

[0-9]

The SET from 0 to 9 (All numerals)

[./=+]

The SET containing . (dot), / (slash), =, and +

[-A-F]

The SET from Capital A to Capital F and the dash (dashes must be specified first)

[0-9 A-Z]

The SET containing all capital letters and digits and a space

[A-Z][a-zA-Z]

In the first position, the SET from Capital A to Capital Z

In the second character position, the SET containing all letters

[a-z]{m}

Look for m occurances of the SET from lowercase a to lowercase z

[a-z]{m,n}

Look for at least m occurances, but no more than n occurances of the SET from lowercase a to lowercase z

Regular Expression Examples

/Hello/

Matches if the line contains the value Hello

/^TEST$/

Matches if the line contains TEST by itself

/^[a-zA-Z]/

Matches if the line starts with any letter

/^[a-z].*/

Matches if the first character of the line is a-z and there is at least one more of any character following it

/2134$/

Matches if line ends with 2134

/\(21|35\)/

Matches is the line contains 21 or 35

Note the use of ( ) with the pipe symbol to specify the 'or' condition

/[0-9]*/

Matches if there are zero or more numbers in the line

/^[^#]/

Matches if the first character is not a # in the line

Notes:

1. Regular expressions are case sensitive

2. Regular expressions are to be used where pattern is specified

Counts

Nearly every command may be preceded by a number that specifies how many times it is to be performed. For example, 5dw will delete 5 words and 3fe will move the cursor forward to the 3rd occurence of the letter e. Even insertions may be repeated conveniently with this method, say to insert the same line 100 times.

Ranges

Ranges may precede most "colon" commands and cause them to be executed on a line or lines. For example :3,7d would delete lines 3-7. Ranges are commonly combined with the :s command to perform a replacement on several lines, as with :.,$s/pattern/string/g to make a replacement from the current line to the end of the file.

:n,m

Range - Lines n-m

:.

Range - Current line

:$

Range - Last line

:'c

Range - Marker c

:%

Range - All lines in file

:g/pattern/

Range - All lines that contain pattern

Shell Functions

:! cmd

Executes shell command cmd; you can add these special characters to indicate:% name of current file# name of last file edited

!! cmd

Executes shell command cmd, places output in file starting at current line

:!!

Executes last shell command

:r! cmd

Reads and inserts output from cmd

:f file

Renames current file to file

:w !cmd

Sends currently edited file to cmd as standard input and execute cmd

:cd dir

Changes current working directory to dir

:sh

Starts a sub-shell (CTRL-d returns to editor)

:so file

Reads and executes commands in file (file is a shell script)

!Motion_cmd

Sends text from current position to Motion Command to shell command cmd

!}sort

Sorts from current position to end of paragraph and replaces text with sorted text

Files

:w file

Write to file

:r file

Read file in after line

:n

Go to next file

:p

Go to previous file

:e file

Edit file

!!program

Replace line with output from program

VI Settings

--noto

Note: Options given are default. To change them, enter type :set option to turn them on or :set nooptioni to turn them off.To make them execute every time you open VI, create a file in your HOME directory called .exrc and type the options without the colon (:) preceding the option

SetDefaultDescription

:set ai

noai

Turns on auto indentation

:set all

--

Prints all options to the screen

:set ap

aw

Prints line after d c J m :s t u commands

:set aw

noaw

Automatic write on :n ! e# ^^ :rew ^} :tag

:set bf

nobf

Discards control characters from input

:set dir=tmp

dir = /tmp

Sets tmp to directory or buffer file

:set eb

noed

Precedes error messages with a bell

:set ed

noed

Precedes error messages with a bell

:set ht=

ht = 8

Sets terminal hardware tabs

:set ic

noic

Ignores case when searching

:set lisp

nolisp

Modifies brackets for Lisp compatibility.

:set list

nolist

Shows tabs (^l) and end of line ($)

:set magic

magic

Allows pattern matching with special characters

:set mesg

mesg

Allows others to send messages

:set nooption

Turns off option

:set nu

nonu

Shows line numbers

:set opt

opt

Speeds output; eliminates automatic RETURN

:set para=

para = LIlPLPPPQPbpP

macro names that start paragraphs for { and } operators

:set prompt

prompt

Prompts for command input with :

:set re

nore

Simulates smart terminal on dumb terminal

:set remap

remap

Accept macros within macros

:set report

noreport

Indicates largest size of changes reported on status line

:set ro

noro

Changes file type to "read only"

:set scroll=n

scroll = 11

set n lines for CTRL-d and z

:set sh=shell_path

sh = /bin/sh

set shell escape (default is /bin/sh) to shell_path

:set showmode

nosm

Indicates input or replace mode at bottom

:set slow

slow

Pospone display updates during inserts

:set sm

nosm

Show matching { or ( as ) or } is typed

:set sw=n

sw = 8

Sets shift width to n characters

:set tags=x

tags = /usr/lib/tags

Path for files checked for tags (current directory included in default)

:set term

$TERM

Prints terminal type

:set terse

noterse

Shorten messages with terse

:set timeout

Eliminates one-second time limit for macros

:set tl=n

tl = 0

Sets significance of tags beyond n characters (0 means all)

:set ts=n

ts = 8

Sets tab stops to n for text input

:set wa

nowa

Inhibits normal checks before write commands

:set warn

warn

Warns "no write since last change"

:set window=n

window = n

Sets number of lines in a text window to n

:set wm=n

wm = 0

Sets automatic wraparound n spaces from right margin.

:set ws

ws

Sets automatic wraparound n spaces from right margin.

Key Mapping

NOTE: Map allows you to define strings of VI commands. If you create a file called ".exrc" in your home directory, any map or set command you place inside this file will be executed every time you run VI. To imbed control characters like ESC in the macro, you need to precede them with CTRL-v. If you need to include quotes ("), precede them with a \ (backslash). Unused keys in vi are: K V g q v * = and the function keys.

Example (The actual VI commands are in blue): :map v /I CTRL-v ESC dwiYou CTRL-v ESC ESC

Description: When v is pressed, search for "I" (/I ESC), delete word (dw), and insert "You" (iYou ESC). CTRL-v allows ESC to be inserted

:map key cmd_seq

Defines key to run cmd_seq when pressed

:map

Displays all created macros on status line

:unmap key

Removes macro definition for key

:ab str string

When str is input, replaces it with string

:ab

Displays all abbreviations

:una str

Unabbreviates str

Other

~

Toggle upper and lower case

J

Join lines

nJ

Joins the next n lines together; omitting n joins the beginning of the next line to the end of the current line

.

Repeat last text-changing command

u

Undo last change (Note: u in combination with . can allow multiple levels of undo in some versions)

U

Undo all changes to line

;

Repeats last f F t or T search command

:N or :E

You can open up a new split-screen window in (n)vi and then use ^w to switch between the two.